Is there any way to recover an overwritten part?

You can open assembly which reference the part in Large design review mode and measure an old dimensions of the part.

But I think that you cannot recover geometry data .

Hello Gabriel,

Welcome to the forum.  Do you have SolidWorks set up to automatically back up files (Tools > Options > System Options > Backup/Recover)?  If you do there may be an older version of the part there.  If you don't have that, or some other type of backup, then I'm afraid it's gone.

I know it's not a help with the lost file but a good safeguard is to use a doc management system. Using this you will not be working on the original file, just on a backup. Previous revisions can be saved and accessed. If you have SW Pro or Premium versions you have one included free of charge. WPDM will be supported thru 2017. If you are using SW2016, SolidWorks PDM standard is available.

If your company has previous versions turned on, you can right-click on a folder, in a folder, or on a part, and go to Properties. From there, click on the Previous Versions tab. And if it's turned on, you can get old files that way.